United States of America
United States of America | |
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United States of America is within: | |
Region: | Americas |
Subregion: | Northern America |
Species of locust and grasshoppers in United States of America represented in HopperWiki
- Alpine grasshopper (Melanoplus alpinus)
- American grasshopper (Schistocerca americana)
- Ashy spur-throat grasshopper (Melanoplus cinereus)
- Barren land grasshopper (Trimerotropis pistrinaria)
- Big-headed grasshopper (Aulocara elliotti)
- Blue-legged grasshopper (Metator pardalinus)
- Broad-banded grasshopper (Trimerotropis latifasciata)
- Brown-spotted range grasshopper (Psoloessa delicatula)
- Bruner slantfaced grasshopper (Bruneria brunnea)
- Bruner spur-throated grasshopper (Melanoplus bruneri)
- Buckell's timberline grasshopper (Buckellacris nuda)
- Campestral grasshopper (Spharagemon campestris)
- Carolina grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina)
- Clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida)
- Club-horned grasshopper (Aeropedellus clavatus)
- Crenulated winged grasshopper (Cordillacris crenulata)
- Cudweed grasshopper (Hypochlora alba)
- Dawson's spur-throat grasshopper (Melanoplus dawsoni)
- Devastating grasshopper (Melanoplus devastator)
- Differential grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis)
- Dusky grasshopper (Encoptolophus costalis)
- Ebony grasshopper (Boopedon nubilum)
- Finned grasshopper (Trachyrhachys aspera)
- Four-spotted grasshopper (Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum)
- Gladston grasshopper (Melanoplus gladstoni)
- Hayden's grasshopper (Derotmema haydenii)
- High plains grasshopper (Dissosteira longipennis)
- Keeler grasshopper (Melanoplus keeleri)
- Kennicott's spur-throat grasshopper (Melanoplus kennicottii)
- Kiowa grasshopper (Trachyrhachys kiowa)
- Lakin grasshopper (Melanoplus lakinus)
- Large-headed grasshopper (Phoetaliotes nebrascensis)
- Little spur-throated grasshopper (Melanoplus infantilis)
- Marsh meadow grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus curtipennis)
- Meadow purple-striped grasshopper (Hesperotettix viridis)
- Melanoplus lanthanus
- Melanoplus missoulae
- Melanoplus picropidzae
- Migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes)
- Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex)
- Mottled sand grasshopper (Spharagemon collare)
- Narrow-winged sand grasshopper (Melanoplus angustipennis)
- Nevada sage grasshopper (Melanoplus rugglesi)
- Northern grasshopper (Melanoplus borealis)
- Northern green-striped grasshopper (Chortophaga viridifasciata)
- Occidental grasshopper (Melanoplus occidentalis)
- Packard grasshopper (Melanoplus packardii)
- Pallid-winged grasshopper (Trimerotropis pallidipennis)
- Pasture grasshopper (Melanoplus confusus)
- Pasture grasshopper (Orphulella speciosa)
- Plains lubber grasshopper (Brachystola magna)
- Red-legged grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum)
- Red-shanked grasshopper (Xanthippus corallipes)
- Red-winged grasshopper (Arphia pseudo-nietana)
- Sagebrush grasshopper (Melanoplus bowditchi)
- Say's grasshopper (Spharagemon equale)
- Speckled rangeland grasshopper (Arphia conspersa)
- Striped grasshopper (Amphitornus coloradus)
- Striped sand grasshopper (Melanoplus foedus)
- Threebanded grasshopper (Hadrotettix trifasciatus)
- Turnbull’s grasshopper (Aeoloplides turnbulli)
- Two-striped grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus)
- Two-striped mermiria grasshopper (Mermiria bivittata)
- Valley grasshopper (Oedaleonotus enigma)
- Velvet-striped grasshopper (Eritettix simplex)
- Western spotted-winged grasshopper (Cordillacris occipitalis)
- White cross grasshopper (Aulocara femoratum)
- White-whiskered grasshopper (Ageneotettix deorum)
Organizations (55)
Name | Acronym | Type | Focus | Focus keywords | Species purview |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural Research Services | ARS | Government | Research, Information Hub, Education | ||
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service | APHIS | Government | Management, Education, Information Hub | Control, Forecasting, Monitoring | |
APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine | PPQ | Government | Governance | Policy | |
Bee Research Laboratory at the United States Department of Agriculture | Government | Research | |||
Behavioral Plasticity Research Institute | BPRI | Other | Research, Education | Phenotypic plasticity, Phase polyphenism | |
Bug Guts Lab | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
Bureau of Land Management | BLM | Government | Management, Governance | Control, Coordination | |
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology of the USDA | USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST | Government | Research | ||
Corteva Agriscience | Private Sector | Management | Control | ||
Crop Production and Protection at the United States Department of Agriculture | Government | ||||
Entomological Society of America | ESA | Non-profit Organization | Other | ||
Global Locust Initiative | GLI | University | Research, Education, Information Hub | Sustainable development, Ecology, Nutrition, Social science, Natural sciences, Agriculture, Agroecology, Biology, Behavior, Biological control, Climate change, Education, Sustainability science, Geometric framework, Grazing, Governance, Food security, Arts and humanities, Land use management, Landscape ecology, Locusts, Migration, Phase polyphenism, Phenotypic plasticity, Soil science
|
Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera), Mongolian locust (Oedaleus decorus), Senegalese grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis), Migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes), Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), American grasshopper (Schistocerca americana), South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons)
|
Grassland Insect Ecology Lab | University | Funding | Insect community ecology, Plant/insect interactions, Grassland ecology, Natural sciences | ||
Idaho State Department of Agriculture | Government | Education, Management | Emergency assistance | ||
Illinois State University | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
Institute of Social and Economic Research | University | Research | Economics, Natural sciences | ||
John Capinera Group | UFL | University | Research, Management | Extension, Grasshoppers | |
Kansas State University | K-State | University | Research | ||
M3 Consulting | Private Sector | Management | Robotics & drone technology | ||
Macalester College | University | Education | |||
Molecular and Human Genetics | University | Research | Neuroscience, Natural sciences | ||
Montana State University | MSU | University | Development, Research | Agricultural development, Control, Research, Sustainable development | |
National Defense University | NDU | University | Research | Remote sensing | |
National Forest Service | NFS | Government | Management | Control | |
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency | NGA | Government | Management | Remote sensing | |
National Grasshopper Management Board | NGBM | Non-profit Organization | Governance, Management | Coordination, Natural sciences | Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) |
National Institutes of Health | NIH | Government | Research | ||
National Science Foundation | NSF | Government | Research, Funding | ||
North Carolina State University Entomology & Plant Pathology Department | University | Research | |||
Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory | Government | Research, Management | |||
Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities | NWCCU | Non-profit Organization | Research | ||
Pest Management Research Unit at the United States Department of Agriculture | Government | ||||
Phytosanitary Advanced Analytics Team | PAAT | Government | Research | Agriculture, Agroecology, Artificial intelligence, Climate change, Early warning, Ecology, Forecasting, Geographic Information System (GIS), Invasive species, Landscape ecology, Modeling, Monitoring, Rangeland management, Remote sensing
|
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Government | Management, Education, Information Hub | Control, Forecasting, Monitoring | |||
Rutgers University | University | Development, Education, Management, Research, Governance | Agricultural development, Forecasting, Monitoring, Regional cooperation | ||
SERVIR Global | Government | Management | Forecasting, Modelling | ||
Systematic Entomology Laboratory at the United States Department of Agriculture | Government | Research | |||
Systems Neuroscience & Neuromorphic Engineering Lab | University | Research | Olfactory, Neurobiology, Natural sciences | ||
The Insect Physiology & Behavior Research Group | IPBRG | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
The Song Laboratory of Insect Systematics and Evolution | University | Research | Natural sciences | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons) | |
The Sword Lab | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
Union College | University | Research | |||
United States Department of Agriculture | USDA | Government | Governance, Education, Research, Management, Funding | Emergency Assistance, Funding, Training | |
United States Geological Survey | USGS | Government | Research | ||
University of Arizona Department of Entomology | UofA | University | Research | Agricultural development | |
University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program | UC IPM | University | Education | Extension | |
University of California, Merced | University | Management | Control, Research | ||
University of Florida | UFL | University | Research | Integrated pest management | |
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | University | Research | |||
University of Minnesota | UofM | University | Research | ||
University of Montana | UMT | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
University of North Florida | UNF | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
University of Wyoming | UWYO | University | Education | Humanities & Arts | |
Government | Research, Management | Management, Natural sciences | |||
Yale University | University | Research | Economics |
Resources (21)
Projects
Situation overview
While there are no locusts in the United States today, the Rocky Mountain locust, Melanoplus spretus (Walsh, 1866), once swarmed the Great Plains of North America. Prior to 1900, it was the most significant pest of its kind, aggregating in unprecedented numbers, making it the record holder for the largest documented swarms among all locust species worldwide. [1] [2] The inception of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) emphasis on combating insect pests can be traced back to the Rocky Mountain locust.[3] The presumed last specimens of this species were discovered in Canada in 1902, and in 2014, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) officially declared the species extinct.[4]
Nevertheless, periodic outbreaks of other pest grasshopper species continue to afflict farmers and ranchers, particularly in the western regions of the United States.[5] Since 1920, annual surveys have been conducted to monitor and address these cyclical grasshopper infestations.[6] Grasshopper outbreaks can have significant economic consequences for agriculture in the United States. They can cause substantial crop losses, reduce forage availability for livestock, and increase production costs for farmers due to the need for pest control measures or to replace forage with hay. The economic impact varies from year to year and from region to region, depending on grasshopper population levels.
Among the 400 grasshopper species inhabiting the western United States and Canadian prairies, only around two dozen species are responsible for economically significant crop damage on an annual basis. [7] [8] [9][5] Among these species, the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes stands out as the most destructive pest in the United States and certain southern regions of Canadian grasslands. [8] [9] Other important species include[5]:
- Bigheaded grasshopper (Aulocara elliotti)
- Clear-winged grasshopper (Camnula pellucida)
- Two-striped grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus)
- Bruner’s spur-throat grasshopper (Melanoplus bruneri)
- Packard’s grasshopper (Melanoplus packardii)
Grasshopper infestations had a profound impact during the 1930s and mid-1980s, with the 1930s outbreaks being instrumental in the establishment of a USDA program mandated by Congress to effectively manage such outbreaks. This program, known as the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Suppression Program, works in conjunction with the USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to continually enhance management techniques.[5] Collaborations extend to multiple university research groups, as well as various federal entities like the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), state departments of agriculture, tribal councils, and private stakeholders such as ranchers providing land for experimental purposes.[10]
To address locust plagues beyond the borders of the United States, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) plays a role by providing support, predominantly through funding efforts and research. [5]
Organizational relationships
In the United States, best practices for grasshopper management are commonly shared through bulletins, handouts, websites, and other publications, primarily at the federal and state levels.[5] The aim is to provide relevant and valuable information to stakeholders, enabling them to protect agricultural interests from the economic impacts of grasshopper outbreaks. In the past, localized management efforts for grasshopper control often failed due to the mobile nature of the threat.[10] As a result, the United States recognized the need to address the issue at the federal level and foster collaboration among partners from diverse backgrounds. [10] [3]
Funding from the federal government often supports various research initiatives undertaken by collaborating partners.[5] A notable example is the Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Project initiated by USDA-APHIS in 1987, which remains the largest collaborative project in the United States. Valuable knowledge gained from this project was compiled and shared with the public in the form of the Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook (1996-2000). The project fostered enduring relationships with universities and continues to establish new partnerships, all working towards the same overarching goal.[5]
The knowledge and expertise gained from U.S. locust management efforts have been shared internationally through collaborative ventures.[5] Collaborative projects with countries like Canada, focusing on population forecasting, Mexico's ongoing project centered on modeling the potential migration of the Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons). Additionally, distant collaborations have occurred, such as with Australia, where members of APHIS were invited by the Australian Plague Locust Commission (APLC) in the 1990s for reciprocal information exchange.[5]
University extension programs also play a role in managing pest grasshoppers in the US. Extension programs often conduct research to understand the behavior, biology, and ecology of grasshoppers which can help inform management decisions. Extension officers spend a lot of time on education and outreach efforts to disseminate information to farmers, ranchers, and the wider community. Extension programs are often effective at fostering collaborations with various stakeholders, including government agencies and industry partners.
Regional management strengths and challenges
Strengths
The grasshopper management structure in the United States benefits from the availability of high-quality datasets encompassing sociodemographic variables.[5] This enables comprehensive studies on the impacts of locust outbreaks and pest control measures. Additionally, the preservation of historical knowledge in numerous publications contributes to a rich understanding of pest grasshoppers. Furthermore, the commitment of the federal government to allocate a congressional budget line for ongoing management research, annual population surveys, and treatments is a significant advantage that ensures a sustained effort in combating grasshopper issues. [5]
Another key strength lies in the ability to foster collaboration among stakeholders from diverse backgrounds across the nation. [5] This collective effort enables the investigation of improved, cost-effective, and sustainable management methods. Such collaborations have led to innovative advancements in technology and chemistry, resulting in more efficient population suppression both before and during outbreaks.
For instance, the utilization of diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator insecticide, has proven effective in inhibiting proper molting during non-adult instar stages.[11] Additionally, the adoption of reduced agent and area treatments (RAATs) has shown promise. This approach involves alternating insecticide treatments with untreated areas of habitat, thereby minimizing environmental impact and reducing costs.[12] These advancements demonstrate the ongoing efforts to develop environmentally conscious and cost-effective strategies for grasshopper management.
Challenges
There has been a decline in the number of researchers dedicated to studying grasshoppers and their IPM. This decline seems to align with a reduced perception of grasshoppers as a significant threat, likely due to less frequent outbreaks, which can be attributed to improved management practices. However, it should be noted that high-density grasshopper populations and periodic outbreaks still pose challenges for many ranchers and farmers, despite the shifting perception.[5]
Another weakness lies in the decreasing funding, both from federal and other sources, which may be influenced by the aforementioned perception changes. This decrease in funding has a direct impact on available personnel for conducting annual federal surveys on population levels and treatments, potentially exacerbating the decline in grasshopper researchers.[5] There is also a challenge in sharing data archives between federal and non-federal researchers due to concerns about sharing private information regarding stakeholders associated with outbreaks, which hinders the seamless exchange of valuable information.
Overall, these weaknesses highlight the need for continued support, investment, and collaboration to address grasshopper management effectively and overcome the associated challenges.[5]
References
- ↑ Lockwood JA, Debrey LD (1990) A Solution for the Sudden and Unexplained Extinction of the Rocky Mountain Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae), Environmental Entomology. 19: 1194–1205. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/19.5.1194
- ↑ Lockwood JA (2004) Locust: the Devastating Rise and Mysterious Disappearance of the Insect that Shaped the American Frontier. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0894-7.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Henneberry TJ (2008) Federal Entomology: Beginnings and Organizational Entities in the United States Department of Agriculture, 1854–2006, With Selected Research Highlights. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC. Agricultural Information Bulletin 802: 87 pp.
- ↑ Hochkirch A (2014) Melanoplus spretus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51269349A55309428.en.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 Ries MW, Adriaansen C, Aldobai S, Berry K, Bal AB, Catenaccio MC, Cigliano MM, Cullen DA, Deveson T, Diongue A, Foquet B, Hadrich J, Hunter D, Johnson DL, Pablo Karnatz J, Lange CE, Lawton D, Lazar M, Latchininsky AV, Lecoq M, Le Gall M, Lockwood J, Manneh B, Overson R, Peterson BF, Piou C, Poot-Pech MA, Robinson BE, Rogers SM, Song H, Springate S, Therville C, Trumper E, Waters C, Woller DA, Youngblood JP, Zhang L, Cease A (2024) Global perspectives and transdisciplinary opportunities for locust and grasshopper pest management and research. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(2): 169–216. doi:10.3897/jor.33.112803.
- ↑ Belovsky GE, Lockwood JA, Winks K (1996–2000) Technical Bulletin No. 1809. IV.8 Recognizing and Managing Potential Outbreak Conditions. pp. IV.8-1-4 in G. L. Cunningham and M. W. Sampson, editors, Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, DC.
- ↑ Dysart RJ (1996–2000) Technical Bulletin No. 1809. VI.6 Relative Importance of Rangeland Grasshoppers in Western North America: A Numerical Ranking From the Literature. Pp. VI.6-1-20 in G. L. Cunningham and M. W. Sampson, editors, Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, DC.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pfadt RE (2002) Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers, Third Edition. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912. Laramie, Wyoming.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Johnson DL (2008) Grasshopper identification & control methods to protect crops and the environment. Available from: http://scholar.ulethbridge.ca/sites/default/files/danjohnson/files/grasshopper_identification_control_methods.pdf
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cunningham GL (1996–2000) Technical Bulletin 1809. Introduction to the Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington D.C. 1–3 pp.
- ↑ Foster RN and Reuter KC (1996–2000). VII.2 Dimilin® Spray for Reducing Rangeland Grasshopper Populations, pp. 1–4. In G. L. Cunningham and M. W. Sampson (eds.), Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook, Technical Bulletin No. 1809. U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington, D.C. U.S.A.
- ↑ Lockwood JA, Schell SP, Foster RN, Reuter C, Rachadi T (2000) Reduced agent area treatments (RAAT) for management of rangeland grasshoppers: efficacy and economics under operational conditions. International journal of pest management 46: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/096708700227552