Asia
| Asia | |
|---|---|
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Subregions in this region (5)
Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia
Countries in this region (48)
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cyprus, East Timor, Georgia (country), India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Yemen
Species of locust and grasshoppers in Asia represented in the HopperWiki
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Organizations (85)
| Name | Acronym | Type | Focus | Focus keywords | Species purview |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuweather | Private Sector | Management | Meteorology, Forecasting, Technology, Weather | ||
| Afghanistan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock | Government | Management, Governance | |||
| Agency of Plant Protection and Quarantine of the Republic of Uzbekistan | UzNIIZR | Government | Research | Natural sciences | |
| Bangladesh Agricultural University | BAU | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
| University | Research | Natural sciences | |||
| China Agricultural University | CAU | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
| Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs | MOA | Government | Development, Governance | ||
| College of Plant Protection | NAU | University | Research | ||
| Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Central Region | CRC | Intergovernmental Organization | Management, Governance, Education, Information Hub | Training, Regional cooperation, Monitoring, Control, Forecasting, Natural sciences | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| Consultative Group for International Agriculture Research | CGIAR | Intergovernmental Organization | Research, Information Hub, Funding, Governance, Development | Governance, Policy, Training, Agricultural development | |
| Digital Development | Intergovernmental Organization;Non-profit Organization | Development, Management, Governance | Agricultural development, Community development, Control, Coordination, Forecasting, International development, Media, Monitoring, Policy, Regional cooperation, Research, Sustainable development, Technology, Training
|
||
| Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute | DPPCRI | Government | Management | ||
| FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia | SWAC | Intergovernmental Organization | Information Hub, Education, Governance | Training, Monitoring, Control, Regional cooperation, Natural sciences | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| FAO Desert Locust Control Committee | DLCC | Intergovernmental Organization | Development, Management, Governance | Agricultural development, Community development, Control, International development, Regional cooperation, Sustainable development, Training, Natural sciences
|
Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| FAO Desert Locust Information Service | DLIS | Intergovernmental Organization | Development, Management, Education, Governance, Information Hub, Funding | Agricultural development, Community development, Control, Coordination, Emergency assistance, Forecasting, International development, Media, Monitoring, Policy, Regional cooperation, Sustainable development, Technology, Training, Early warning, Natural sciences
|
Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| FAO Emergency Centre for Transboundary Plant Pests | ECTTP | Intergovernmental Organization | Management, Governance | Coordination, Monitoring, Natural sciences | |
| FAO Emergency Operations and Rehabilitation Division | TCE | Non-profit Organization | Information Hub | ||
| FAO Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases | EMPRES | Intergovernmental Organization | Management, Governance, Research | Monitoring, Control, Training, Regional cooperation, Natural sciences | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| FAO Food Chain Crisis Management Framework | FCCMF | Non-profit Organization | Information Hub | ||
| FAO Locust Watch Locusts in Caucasus and Central Asia | CCA | Intergovernmental Organization | Education, Information Hub, Governance | Training, Regional cooperation, Monitoring, Control, Policy, Forecasting | |
| FAO Locusts and Transboundary Plant Pests and Diseases | NSPMD | Intergovernmental Organization | Development | Agricultural development, Community development | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| FAO Plant Production and Protection Division | NSP | Intergovernmental Organization | Information Hub | Agricultural development, Community development, Emergency assistance, Forecasting, Regional cooperation, Sustainable development, Training, Natural sciences
|
|
| FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific | APPPC | Intergovernmental Organization | Information Hub, Governance, Education | Training, Regional cooperation, Policy | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) |
| FAO Regional Office for the Near East | FAO RNE | Intergovernmental Organization | Governance, Management | Control, Forecasting, Survey | |
| FAO Technical Cooperation Programme | TCP | Intergovernmental Organization | Funding | Emergency assistance | |
| FAO Turkey Partnership Programme | TPP | Intergovernmental Organization | Funding, Development, Governance | Agricultural development, International development, Policy | |
| Feed the Future Developing Local Extension Capacity | DLEC | Intergovernmental Organization | Education, Information Hub, Development, Governance | Policy, Training, Agricultural development | |
| French Development Agency | Financial | Funding, Information Hub | Emergency assistance | ||
| Global Locust Initiative | GLI | University | Research, Education, Information Hub | Sustainable development, Ecology, Nutrition, Social science, Natural sciences, Agriculture, Agroecology, Biology, Behavior, Biological control, Climate change, Education, Sustainability science, Geometric framework, Grazing, Governance, Food security, Arts and humanities, Land use management, Landscape ecology, Locusts, Migration, Phase polyphenism, Phenotypic plasticity, Soil science
|
Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera), Mongolian locust (Oedaleus decorus), Senegalese grasshopper (Oedaleus senegalensis), Migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes), Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), American grasshopper (Schistocerca americana), South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons)
|
| Government Degree College Umarkot | Government | Research | Biological control, Biology, Ecology, Population dynamics | ||
| Grassland Research Institute | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
| Hargol FoodTech | Private Sector | Development, Research, Governance | Agricultural development, International development, Regional cooperation, Sustainable development, Technology, Edible Insects
|
||
| Henan University | University | Unknown | |||
| IEDA Relief | Non-governmental Organization | Development, Funding | Sustainable development, Emergency assistance | ||
| India Locust Warning Organization | LWO | Government | Management, Information Hub, Research | Monitoring, Control, Forecasting, Training, Natural sciences | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| Indian Council of Agricultural Research | ICAR | Government | Development | Agricultural development | |
| Inner Mongolia Agriculture University | IMAU | University | Research | Training | |
| International Center for Tropical Agriculture | CIAT | Non-profit Organization | Development, Management | Food security, Agricultural development, Monitoring | South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata) |
| International Labour Organization | ILO | Intergovernmental Organization | Development | International development, Sustainable development, Technology | |
| Iran Plant Protection Organization | Government | Management, Governance, Information Hub, Education, Research | Monitoring, Control, Policy, Coordination, Agricultural development, Emergency assistance, Forecasting
|
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| Japan International Cooperation Agency | JICA | Government | Governance, Management | Regional cooperation, Monitoring, Control | |
| Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences | JIRCAS | Government | Research, Development | Agricultural development, Control, Natural sciences | |
| Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine | NIIZKR | Government | Research, Management, Education | Training, Control, Monitoring, Natural sciences | |
| Lanzhou University | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
| Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection of Turkmenistan | Government | Management | |||
| Ministry of Agriculture Kazakhstan | Government | Management, Governance | |||
| Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Azerbaijan | Government | Governance, Management | |||
| Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia | Government | Governance, Management | |||
| Ministry of Water Resources of The Republic of Uzbekistan | Government | Management | Forecasting | ||
| Nanjing Agricultural University | NJAU | University | Research, Management | ||
| National Center for the Prevention and Control of Plant Pests and Animal Diseases “Waqaa” | Government | Management | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) | ||
| National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences | NIAS | Government | Research | ||
| National Natural Science Foundation of China | NSFC | Government | Funding, Research | ||
| National Taiwan University | University | Research | Microbiology, Insects, Natural sciences | ||
| Near East Plant Protection Organization | NEPPO | Other | Information Hub, Governance, Management | Monitoring, Control | |
| OCHA Services Relief Web | Intergovernmental Organization | Information Hub | Early warning, Monitoring | ||
| Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance | OFDA | Government | Funding | ||
| Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University | OIST | University | Research | ||
| Pakistan Department of Plant Protection | Government | Research, Management | Control, Monitoring, Coordination | ||
| Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur | University | Education, Research | Natural sciences | ||
| Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam | University | Development, Management, Research | Agricultural development, Control | ||
| State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents | University | Research | Natural sciences | ||
| Sustainable Development Policy Institute | SDPI | Non-profit Organization | Governance | Policy | |
| Tashkent State Agrarian University | TDAU | University | Development, Education, Research | Agricultural development, Training, Natural sciences | |
| Tel-Aviv University | TAU | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
| The Hebrew University of Jerusalem | HUJI | University | Research | Natural sciences | |
| The International Committee of the Red Cross | ICRC | Non-profit Organization | Governance, Funding, Development | Aid, Funding | |
| The Orthopterists' Society | OS | Non-profit Organization | Information Hub, Research, Education | Coordination, Funding, Natural sciences | Brown locust (Locustana pardalina) |
| Tokyo University of Agriculture | Nodai | University | Development, Research | Agricultural development, Research, Sustainable development, Technology | |
| United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund | CERF | Intergovernmental Organization | Funding | Emergency assistance | |
| United Nations Development Programme | UNDP | Intergovernmental Organization | Governance | International Development | |
| UN SPIDER | Other | Management | Monitoring | ||
| United Nations University | UNU | University | Natural sciences | ||
| United States Agency for International Development | USAID | Government | Funding, Development, Research, Governance | Training, Agricultural development, Sustainable development, Monitoring, International development, Forecasting, Emergency assistance, Coordination, Control, Community development, Natural sciences
|
|
| University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan | UAFP | University | Research | Fungi | Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) |
| University of Calcutta | Government ;University | Research, Education, Management, Development | Monitoring, Control, Agricultural development, Forecasting, Community development | ||
| University of Peradeniya | Government | Education, Research, Management | Forecasting | ||
| University of Peshawar | University | Development, Research | Agricultural development, Sustainable development, Natural sciences | ||
| University of Rajshahi Department of Zoology | University | Research | Extension | ||
| University of Science and Technology Hefei | University | Research | |||
| University of Sindh | University | Development, Education, Governance, Research | Agricultural development, Control, Sustainable development, Technology, Natural sciences | ||
| World Bank | Intergovernmental Organization | Development, Funding | International development, Emergency assistance | ||
| World Climate Service | Private Sector | Information Hub | Agriculture, Climate change, Coordination, Digital tool, Early warning, Emergency alerts, Food security, Geographic Information System (GIS), Forecasting, Monitoring, Modeling, Remote sensing, Research, Information hub
|
||
| World Food Program | WFP | Intergovernmental Organization | Education, Funding, Governance, Development | Training, Regional cooperation, International development |
Resources (93)
Projects
Situation overview
In Central Asia, Southeast and Southwest Asia, as well as China, locusts and grasshoppers pose a significant threat to food security. These regions are home to various economically significant locust species, most notably, the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria). It is predominantly found in China, where the annual infested area exceeds 5 million hectares, as well as in Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) and Japan. During outbreak years, the population density of migratory locust hoppers can surpass 1000 individuals per square meter.[1]
Iran, Yemen, Oman, Saudi Arabia, India, and Pakistan are home to the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). In 2019-2021 these countries suffered a very serious desert locust outbreak. In Vietnam and Lao PDR, the yellow-spined bamboo locust (Ceracris kiangsu) has been a significant issue since 2014. This particular locust species forms extensive swarms in Northern Lao PDR and Vietnam, affecting five and eight provinces respectively. The infestation has led to substantial damage, with approximately 85% of rice yields in Lao PDR being affected.[1]
The Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) is found in the arid foothills of Afghanistan, Iran, South Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. In these regions, it has the potential to infest more than one million hectares of land. Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus) infestations are concentrated in dry steppes across Central Asia, particularly in Kazakhstan. When outbreaks occur, this species has the capacity to infest approximately 10 million hectares of land.[1]
Generally, locust management funding is centralized and strategies for locust control vary among countries. China strongly promotes and practices preventive management, which is mainly based on using biological control and information technology. Other countries in Asia mainly rely on chemical pesticides. Although Metarhizium acridum is being tested in Uzbekistan and is also registered in Kazakhstan. [1]
Organizational relationships
There are various organizations engaged in the management of locusts and grasshoppers in Asia, including transnational bodies such as the FAO, federal agencies, and research universities or institutes. In China, notable research institutions at the national level include the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China Agricultural University (CAU), and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), along with several provincial institutes. These organizations have been actively involved in locust studies for six decades, receiving funding from sources like the national natural science foundation, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MOA), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and other affiliated institutes. The research areas of utmost importance encompass biological control, locust biology, ecology, locust physiology, and molecular biology. China emphasizes foundational research on locusts, particularly in the fields of molecular biology, locust olfaction, and pathology. [1]
In Japan, the Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) focuses on researching locusts biology and the mechanisms of phase change. In Israel, there are two institutes dedicated to similar research in the field of locusts. Both countries have made significant progress in understanding locust phase polyphenism. In Kazakhstan, the Kazakh Research Institute for Plant Protection and Quarantine (NIIZKR) in Almaty has a longstanding history of studying locusts and developing monitoring and control techniques. These techniques include the utilization of remote sensing, drones, and bio-pesticides. Similarly, the Uzbek Institute for Quarantine and Plant Protection has extensive experience in locust biological control. Several of the mentioned organizations have established highly effective and long-term collaborations in the field of locust biology and control research. In Iran and Pakistan, agricultural universities such as the Department of Zoology at the University of Sindh in Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan, and the University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF) possess expertise in locust-related matters. [1]
Collaborative management
Within this region, countries are vulnerable to the migratory nature of their problematic locust species. China and Kazakhstan have established a collaborative agreement to address locust control along their borders, which has been maintained for 17 years. All Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and Afghanistan actively participate in the Programme to Improve National and Regional Locust Management in Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA). This program has been implemented by the FAO since 2011 and receives joint funding from JICA, Turkey (under the FAO-Turkey Partnership Programme), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), as well as FAO resources (Technical Cooperation Programme and Regular Programme). The primary objective of this program is to diminish the occurrence and severity of locust outbreaks in the Caucasus and Central Asia region, while ensuring the food security and livelihoods of rural populations and minimizing the impact of chemical control operations on human health and the environment.[1]
The program has established a regional technical network to tackle the three primary locust pests: Italian locusts, migratory locusts, and Moroccan locusts. It has also focused on enhancing national capacities in locust management while prioritizing human health and environmental protection. To facilitate effective information sharing between countries, innovative geospatial tools such as the Automated System of Data Collection (ASDC) and the Caucasus and Central Asia Locust Management System (CCALM) locust GIS have been introduced. These tools enable the regular exchange of locust-related information. Additionally, the FAO has been publishing bilingual (English-Russian) regional monthly bulletins during locust campaigns since 2010 and maintains the Locust Watch in Caucasus and Central Asia CCA website as a valuable resource. [1]
The FAO actively supports locust control efforts through the Technical Cooperation Programme (TCP) and the Regional Plant Protection Organization (RPPO). The TCP focuses on providing member countries with specialized technical expertise through short-term projects. RPPOs play a crucial role in overseeing and coordinating national plant protection organizations (NPPOs), which directly engage in activities such as plant quarantine, pesticide use, and pest management techniques. [1]
Among the FAO regional desert locust commissions, the FAO Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in South-West Asia (SWAC) (established in 1964) is the oldest and smallest among the three regional commissions. It comprises four member countries, Afghanistan, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Pakistan. SWAC convenes sessions every two years, with each member country taking turns hosting the meetings. The activities conducted by SWAC focus on strengthening the national capacities of its member countries in various aspects related to desert locust management, including surveys, control operations, reporting, training, preparedness, contingency planning, emergency response, bio-pesticides, and health and safety. The commission places great emphasis on intra- and inter-regional collaboration and cooperation, particularly in implementing desert locust early warning systems and preventive control measures. The objective is to minimize the duration, frequency, and intensity of desert locust plagues by working collectively in a coordinated manner. [1]
Regional management strengths and challenges
Strengths
Asia has implemented robust locust management programs, with China leading the way in establishing an effective system. China's program involves regular surveys, forecasting, and control measures, with a particular focus on utilizing biopesticides such as Metarhizium acridum and Paranosema locustae.[2] Various stakeholders at national, provincial, municipal, and county levels are actively engaged in locust management and response processes, ensuring efficient coordination without duplication.[3] This integrated pest management approach has successfully treated locust/grasshopper infestations covering 50,000 to 100,000 hectares annually, while also utilizing chemical pesticides (refer to Li et al., 2023 for further details). [1]
China has also demonstrated its willingness to assist other countries in Asia during locust outbreaks, leading to increased cooperation in locust management.[4] Collaborative mechanisms have been established between China and countries like Lao PDR, Vietnam, Myanmar (for yellow-spined bamboo locust management), and Kazakhstan (for migratory locust management). The FAO Locust Watch program in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) has further enhanced regional cooperation and knowledge sharing among Central Asian countries over the past decade. The CRC, SWAC, and Programme (for CCA locusts) ensure effective coordination, cooperation, and promotion of innovative tools and technologies for monitoring and control. [1]
Most countries in the region rely on their own funding for locust management, reducing their dependency on external donors. Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have even established specialized national locust control organizations responsible for surveying and managing locust populations. [1]
Challenges
The upsurge of the desert locust from 2019 to 2021 highlighted the variability in locust management programs across different countries. Some countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran, responded swiftly to the upsurge, initiating control measures shortly after it began in early 2019. In contrast, countries like Pakistan and India initially faced challenges due to limited funding and resources, leading to a slower response. However, once the necessary resources were secured in 2020, their treatment programs proved to be highly successful. [1]
Regional conflicts in certain areas posed significant obstacles to effective desert locust control programs. These conflicts severely hindered control efforts and added complexities to the already challenging task of managing locust populations. Another hindrance to implementing effective locust control measures is the inconsistent funding for research and development. This limitation prevents the widespread adoption of the latest technologies tailored to the specific needs of each country.[1]
The transboundary nature of locust species such as L. migratoria, S. gregaria, and C. kiangsu underscores the growing importance of regional cooperation. However, achieving such cooperation can be exceedingly difficult in regions with ongoing instability and conflicts.[5] [6] Political disputes between certain countries create barriers to locust monitoring and management, particularly in border areas. In 2022, the situation in Afghanistan precluded international involvement and assistance through the United Nations. [1]
Even in relatively stable regions, there is significant variation in the capacity of countries to effectively manage locust populations. This variation arises from several factors, including limited resources during periods of economic downturn, insufficient knowledge of the latest technologies, and, perhaps most crucially, a lack of consistent funding. As a result, some countries heavily rely on donor funding during locust outbreaks, making their management efforts highly dependent on external support. [1]
Certain countries, such as Lao PDR and Pakistan, face financial constraints when it comes to locust management due to low state revenues. Additionally, the shortage of entomologists, particularly specialists in locust management, further hampers their ability to respond promptly. These resource limitations result in longer response times, whether from local or international funding sources, allowing locust populations to escalate to much higher levels before effective management measures can be implemented. [1]
To address these challenges, the region needs to strengthen collaborative monitoring and forecasting efforts. It is crucial to extend control campaigns to neighboring countries when highly migratory locust species experience outbreaks. By enhancing coordination and cooperation, countries can collectively work towards timely and effective locust management, minimizing the impact of locust outbreaks on agricultural and food security. [1]
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 Ries MW, Adriaansen C, Aldobai S, Berry K, Bal AB, Catenaccio MC, Cigliano MM, Cullen DA, Deveson T, Diongue A, Foquet B, Hadrich J, Hunter D, Johnson DL, Pablo Karnatz J, Lange CE, Lawton D, Lazar M, Latchininsky AV, Lecoq M, Le Gall M, Lockwood J, Manneh B, Overson R, Peterson BF, Piou C, Poot-Pech MA, Robinson BE, Rogers SM, Song H, Springate S, Therville C, Trumper E, Waters C, Woller DA, Youngblood JP, Zhang L, Cease A (2024) Global perspectives and transdisciplinary opportunities for locust and grasshopper pest management and research. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(2): 169–216. doi:10.3897/jor.33.112803.
- ↑ Zhang L, Hunter D (2017) Management of locusts and grasshoppers in China. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 155–159. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20119
- ↑ Li H, Kadzamira MATJ, Ogunmodede A, Finch E, Zhu J, Romney D, Luke B (2023) Lessons Learned and Challenges of Biopesticide Usage for Locust Management—The Case of China. Sustainability 15: 6193. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076193
- ↑ Phithalsoun S, Zhang L (2018) An effective biological control method of yellow-spined bamboo locust (Ceracris kiangsu) has been developed in Lao PR and Vietnam. Metaleptea 38: 15–16.
- ↑ Gay P-E, Lecoq M, Piou C (2017) Improving preventive locust management: insights from a multi-agent model. Pest Management Science 74: 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4648
- ↑ Gay P-E, Trumper E, Lecoq M, Piou C (2021) Importance of human capital, field knowledge and experience to improve pest locust management. Pest Management Science 77: 5463–5474. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6587