South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata)

Schistocerca cancellata
Photo by Clara Therville
Other common names
Langosta Sudamericana (Sp), Langosta voladora (Sp)
Taxonomic classification
Suborder:	Caelifera
Family:	Acrididae
Subfamily:	Cyrtacanthacridinae
Tribe:	Cyrtacanthacridini
Genus:	Schistocerca
Scientific name
Schistocerca cancellata (Serville, 1838)
Geography
Native countries:
Brazil Chile Paraguay Argentina Bolivia Uruguay
Pest status
Known pest

The South American Locust is one of the most destructive grasshopper species in the Americas, known for its remarkable capacity to form large, migratory swarms that devastate crops and rangelands. Endemic to South America, it has a long and well-documented history of plagues in Argentina and neighboring countries, with records dating back to the sixteenth century. Like other Schistocerca species, S. cancellata exhibits locust phase polyphenism—shifting between solitary and gregarious forms in response to population density and environmental conditions. After decades of relative recession under preventive control, major upsurges in the 2010s reaffirmed its economic and ecological importance across South America.

Taxonomy

For full nomenclature and taxonomic details of this taxon, see Orthoptera Species File

Identification

South American locust is part of the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae which contains many of the world’s most notorious locusts. These grasshoppers are typically large-bodied, strong fliers, and capable of forming swarms under favorable environmental conditions. Their ability to switch between solitary and gregarious phases—known as phase polyphenism—underlies their capacity for sudden population outbreaks. Important locust species include the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), the Central American locust (S. piceifrons), the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata), the Bombay locust (Patanga succincta), the Sahelian tree locust (Anacridium melanorhodon), the brown locust (Locustana pardalina), and the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria). Many of these species are adapted to arid and grassland environments across Africa, Asia, and Australia, where periodic rainfall can trigger rapid breeding and swarm development.

Morphologically, Cyrtacanthacridinae species are distinguished by the presence of a prosternal spine and robust hind femora adapted for jumping. Wing coloration, often featuring bright hindwings with yellow, red, or rose tones, serves as a key diagnostic feature.

Identification details

Adult S. cancellata are generally brown with distinct striped patterns on the pronotum and two dorsal brown bands bordered by darker lines. A broad light-brown stripe runs from the head along the tegmina, which are marked with black patterns. The hind wings are transparent to light yellow with brownish veins, and the hind femur bears a white stripe below the pinnae. The hind tibia is purple with white spines tipped in black. This species exhibits phase polyphenism in both adults and nymphs. Coloration is similar in solitarious and gregarious adults, though gregarious forms have less contrasting pronotal stripes. Immature gregarious adults are reddish, becoming pale yellow as they mature.

S. cancellata share similarities in body size and coloration to S. gregaria, S. piceifrons, and S. interrita. S. cancellata can be distinguished from the others by the shape of the male cercus, where the lower lobe is larger than the upper; by the nearly parallel-sided notch of the male subgenital plate; and by the waxy secretion present on the abdomen of mature adults.

Gregarious nymphs are characterized by a distinct black pattern over a yellow background, which is paler in early stages; their wing pads are marked with yellow and black stripes. Solitarious nymphs are green, sometimes with small black spots, while transitiform forms show a mix of intermediate color patterns. In the lab, isolated nymphs remain green or light brown, whereas crowded ones develop black markings within hours, with bright colors intensifying after the third instar. Nymphs briefly crowded lose these colors after their first molt.

In laboratory conditions, crowded male adults are notably larger than isolated males, with mean body lengths of 58.1 mm and 52.7 mm, respectively. Female body size shows less variation between density conditions (67.2 mm in crowded versus 66.0 mm in isolated individuals), though crowded females have significantly wider heads and slightly larger pronota. Field data suggest females are generally larger, and isolated nymphs have denser hind femur hairs, likely used to sense crowding.

Distribution

The South American locust is widely distributed across South America including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. During plague years S. cancellata has expanded in Argentina as far as 42°S. The species’ invasion range can extend over nearly 4 million km², with major outbreak centers historically concentrated in Argentina’s northwestern provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca.

For more information and distribution records see [GBIF]

Biology

Egg development in Schistocerca cancellata is continuous and depends strongly on soil moisture at the time of oviposition. No egg diapause has been reported for this species. Egg incubation is influenced by environmental conditions but generally lasts 15–20 days. Field evidence suggests that females lay multiple egg pods, as individuals with fully developed eggs have been found after having already laid once. Each pod contains between 50 and 207 eggs, with gregarious females typically laying 60–120 eggs per pod.

In the gregarious phase, nymphs typically pass through five instars (although six are known in a constant rearing environment). The hopper period lasts about 45–50 days in total: the first instar lasts 4–5 days, and subsequent instars each last 8–11 days.

Adult lifespan ranges from 39 to 155 days. In Argentina, S. cancellata typically produces two generations per year. Sexually mature adults lay eggs in October, with hatchlings developing from November to January and emerging as adults in February. These adults reproduce, producing offspring observed in March and April. Adults of the second generation enter reproductive diapause, surviving the dry season and awaiting the spring rains in October.

Adults from the first breeding generation become yellow-olive upon maturation, whereas those from the second generation lose their bright markings as autumn temperatures drop, turning dull red, brown, or nearly black, with the hindwings acquiring a rose tint at the base. In spring, their coloration lightens again to yellowish-olive, and the hindwings turn yellow as they mature. The time required for adults to reach sexual maturity is highly variable. Those emerging in summer may mature within 3–4 weeks under favorable breeding conditions, while adults appearing in autumn often delay maturation until the following spring, taking 4–6 months. The proportion of first-generation adults that breed in autumn likely varies from year to year.

Gallery

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  Late stage instar emerging from its exuviae
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  Bands of marching nymphs often climb prominent objects including plants and rocks
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  South American locust damage to the bark of a legume sapling
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  Side-by-side gregarious and solitarious nymphs demonstrating stark variation in color

Habitat and ecology

The South American locust prefers arid lands mostly in a desert and semi-desert central permanent breeding zone of Catamarca and La Rioja, Argentina that receives 250–400 mm of annual precipitation. Vegetation is characterized as wooded steppe of Prosopis and Larrea bushes with common grasses like Sporobolus and Panicum or in soil with salt content Atriplex or Suaeda. Habitat heterogeneity supports breeding populations even during unfavorable times as S. cancellata shows flexibility in sexual maturation and egg development over dry seasons.

The solitarious phase of S. cancellata spans northern Argentina, southern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (18°–35°S). Within this range, a permanent recession area, known as la zona permanente, in northwestern Argentina and parts of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay supports year-round populations. This western zone features mountains, intermontane basins with sand- and silt-filled floors, shifting and fixed dunes, alluvial soils, and salt pans, creating a mosaic of habitats that ensure survival in unfavorable years. To the east, the habitat transitions into the dry tropical scrub and thorn forests of the Gran Chaco. In Argentina, key areas include the Pipanaco Basin (Catamarca), the plains of La Rioja and Catamarca, San Agustín–Aguanco–Mascasín (southern La Rioja), and Bermejo–Desaguadero–Guanacache. The permanent zone is mostly arid or semi-arid, with rainfall ranging from over 500 mm in the northeast to under 100 mm near the Andes, occurring mainly from November to April with humid monsoonal air. While adapted to arid environments, S. cancellata breeds on heavier soils and in denser vegetation than its Old World relative, S. gregaria. Changing land use, such as irrigation development, can alter habitat suitability—for example, the Rio Hondo dam near Santiago del Estero transformed a previously unsuitable area into prime breeding habitat.

Outside plague periods, S. cancellata occupies northern Argentina and possibly adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay during the cool winter. As temperatures rise in August–September, adults move south and may breed where early rains have occurred. Good rainfall supports hatching and ephemeral vegetation, especially Gomphrena species, which are critical for nymphal development. Breeding typically occurs in disturbed soils, roadsides, abandoned fields, and dunes. In wet years, hoppers concentrate as vegetation dries, and immature adults form loose groups that fly downwind at night to convergence zones for maturation and egg-laying. Favorable conditions can lead to rapid population growth, hopper bands, and second-generation swarms, mainly in dry areas of La Rioja. Low-density adults may return north in autumn, mirroring swarm movements, and similar seasonal dispersal occurs in Bolivia and Paraguay.

The South American locust is a highly polyphagous species, feeding on a broad range of wild and cultivated plants. Many of the wild host species are also key forage plants for livestock, and heavy infestations have often left pastures completely stripped, depriving animals of winter feed. The principal crops affected include beans, citrus, cotton, flax, groundnuts, alfalfa, maize, oats, peas, potatoes, rye, sorghum, sugarcane, and wheat. In addition, locusts have been recorded feeding on a variety of other cultivated and ornamental plants such as eucalyptus, hazelnut, locust tree (Robinia), Mimosa, mint, peach, pear, plum, poplar, sycamore, tomato, willow, and several ornamental trees.

At high densities, S. cancellata nymphs form marching bands whose movement is strongly influenced by temperature and vegetation. Observations in northern Argentina showed that hoppers bask in the morning to warm up, march at body temperatures near 40 °C, and use shading, stilting, or perching to avoid overheating above 50 °C. Feeding occurred throughout the day, with gut contents remaining high despite alternating feeding, resting, and marching. Band movement speed and distance depended on vegetation type. These behaviors closely resemble those of the desert locust, suggesting similar thermoregulatory and migratory strategies, and that desert locust control methods may also apply to S. cancellata.

Field studies show that South American locust hopper bands are primarily driven by a need for carbohydrates rather than protein, suggesting that carbohydrate intake is crucial for sustaining long-distance migration. Experiments conducted across Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay found that locusts stopped most frequently to feed on carbohydrate-rich artificial diets. In Paraguay, juveniles fed in the lab on diets with varying protein-to-carbohydrate (p:c) ratios survived better on carbohydrate-biased diets. When offered local plants they consume in the field—Paspalum, Celtis, Mikania, Grabowskia, Prosopis, Digitaria, and one Celastraceae species—locusts gained weight only on the plant with the lowest p:c ratio. Because most available plants have higher p:c ratios than optimal, marching locusts must actively seek carbohydrate-rich food sources to maintain growth and survival.

During plague years, immature gregarious adults often concentrate in winter on the slopes and plateaus of the eastern Andes, where they remain inactive in cool, dry conditions, flying only on warm days. With the onset of spring, rising temperatures increase swarm mobility. Swarms generally migrate south and southeast, though daily movements vary with wind conditions, leading to widespread invasions of grazing and cropland. Major displacements occur downwind, typically during warm northerly winds associated with moving low-pressure systems. Some swarms reach northern Patagonia, where cold prevents breeding, and others may cross the Andes into Chile or move eastward into Uruguay, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.

First-generation spring swarms initially move in multiple directions, but later in the season, those from southern regions show a distinct northward trend, while Bolivian swarms move south. As they pass through rain-fed areas, they produce a second generation, which continues moving toward northwestern Argentina until halted by cold weather.

Occasional rainfall between June and September can generate green vegetation that allows post-diapause adults to mature and begin laying eggs in September. After winter or early spring rains, S. cancellata could complete up to three generations per year: (1) early spring–early summer, (2) early–late summer, and (3) late summer–autumn. In this case, second-generation adults mature in late summer, just before diapause begins in late March, allowing for a third generation.

Swarms are active mainly by day during spring, early summer, and late autumn, usually when temperatures exceed 20°C, though flights may occur at 12–18°C depending on sunlight. Movement data show that most displacements follow wind direction, particularly during strong winds, though short upwind flights may occur in light breezes. Swarms typically fly for 3–8 hours daily, sometimes reaching over 1,150 m in altitude, forming tall cumuliform structures. In hot, dry conditions, activity is reduced midday and resumes before sunset.

Land-use / climate change

Much of the Gran Chaco forest has been cleared, primarily to increase grazing pastures but also cropland. Stav et al. (2020) found that S. cancellata performed best on invasive grasses, suggesting that deforestation could help expand their outbreak zone.

It is anticipated that the outbreak range of the South American locust will expand in higher latitudes and altitudes.

Pest status

Schistocerca cancellata is among the most destructive pest species in South America, particularly in Argentina where it was the most damaging agricultural pest from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. Its populations declined substantially after the 1950s, remaining low until a significant resurgence occurred in 2015-2021.

Management

Locusts have plagued Argentina since the 1500s, with major outbreaks recorded from the 1800s onward. Severe agricultural losses led to the creation of the National Commission for Locust Extinction in 1891, making control legally mandatory by 1898. Persistent infestations prompted its reorganization in 1912 into a permanent national agency overseeing pest management.

Early management of S. cancellata was limited by poor understanding of its ecology and population dynamics. From 1897 to the 1930s, locusts invaded more than 20% of Argentina in most years—peaking at 57% in 1932—leading to the mistaken belief that swarming was permanent. Research focused on the gregarious phase, while the solitarious phase was not widely recognized until the late 1930s. Scientists also incorrectly assumed outbreaks originated in northern Argentina and Bolivia, though they accurately noted large-scale seasonal migrations, southward in winter and northward in summer, patterns later confirmed in other locust species. and sources therein.

Before systematic surveys, it was believed S. cancellata could breed anywhere or overwinter in northern refuges. Expeditions by the Central Commission for Locust Research (1933–1936) disproved the winter refuge theory and advanced understanding of behavior, dispersal, and control. Other hypotheses for outbreaks included correlations with sunspot cycles. Control methods in the early 1900s were primitive, focusing on intercepting hopper bands with barriers, trenches, or fire. Eggs were destroyed by plowing, and locusts were sometimes collected by hand or fed to poultry. In the 1920s, mechanical collection became industrialized and millions of locusts were dried and processed into fertilizer, though the practice was soon abandoned due to high costs and low efficiency. and sources therein.

Established in 1945, the Locust Control Service used insecticides and aerial techniques to rapidly treat large infestations. After invasions from Paraguay and Brazil, international cooperation began in 1948. By 1952–1954, intensive campaigns cut locust numbers drastically, and by 1956 the major plague ended. and sources therein.

During the 1944–1954 plague, close monitoring led to the development of preventive management focused on early detection and treatment of gregarizing nymphs to prevent large-scale outbreaks. Today, management of S. cancellata in Argentina operates through a coordinated network of public and private stakeholders at national, provincial, and municipal levels. Since the resurgence of the South American locust in 2015, management has been strengthened through improved collaboration among government agencies, provinces, and producers, driven largely by personal commitment during crises. To maintain these gains, coordination is being institutionalized within a long-term preventive program. Efficient data collection and analysis are central to this effort: a locust alert system introduced in 2020 has enhanced communication among farmers, researchers, and government agencies, and ongoing work aims to expand and harmonize this system regionally to ensure rapid detection and control of outbreaks.

The National Food Safety and Quality Service (SENASA), through its Locusts & Grasshoppers National Program (L&GNP), leads coordination and implementation of monitoring and control efforts, maintaining continuous surveillance in breeding areas. Under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, SENASA allocates the L&GNP’s operational budget and coordinates outbreak response with provincial and municipal authorities. During outbreaks, agronomy schools are invited to join crisis committees for training, communication, and regulation dissemination. Funding generally does not go directly to farmers but supports control activities. Landowners and tenants are primarily responsible for controlling locusts on their properties, with local governments providing personnel, pesticides, fuel, or aerial spraying services. Collaboration with academic and research institutions depends on either scientific initiatives or specific requests from SENASA or the National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA).

Although biological control has not yet been applied to S. cancellata, laboratory studies show its susceptibility to several pathogens, including Malamoeba locustae, Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus, Paranosema locustae, and Beauveria bassiana. In the field, natural infections by Sporotrichum paranaense and the nematode Hexamermis acridiorum can cause major population declines. Other natural enemies include Metarhizium anisopliae (likely M. acridum), Beauveria globulifera, the egg parasite Delia platura, the parasitoid fly Acridiophaga caridei, and various bird and lizard predators.

Historically, control relied on wet baiting, dusting with lindane, and residual insecticide or herbicide sprays. In recent outbreaks, roughly 280 infestations in northwestern Argentina (Córdoba, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, and Catamarca) were treated with pyrethroids.

Outbreaks

The South American locust has a long and well-documented history of outbreaks in Argentina, dating back to 1538, with recurrent expansions into neighboring countries. Its severe impacts on agriculture and livestock production shaped the early development of Argentina’s agricultural services, and from the early 19th through mid-20th century, frequent plagues spread across Argentina and neighboring countries such as Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil, with recession periods being rare.

Historical records suggest that before the nineteenth century, plagues of S. cancellata were infrequent, though early Spanish reports describe swarms as far back as 1537. The first major recorded plague occurred in the 1870s, causing widespread damage across Córdoba Province and neighboring regions of Argentina—areas undergoing rapid agricultural expansion. Another extensive outbreak began before 1890 and intensified annually, prompting the first organized research and control programs. This prolonged plague persisted until 1929–1930, though the scale of infestations fluctuated considerably. Subsequent plagues followed in 1931–1939 and 1943–1954. During the height of this plauge (in 1897–98, 1907–10, 1915–17, 1922–23, and 1931–33) swarms invaded nearly half of Argentina. In 1933, losses were estimated at 2 million tons of cereals and other annual crops along with extensive destruction of grazing lands that caused heavy but unquantified losses to livestock producers. In June 1936, swarms destroyed roughly 10,000 tons of cotton, and in 1937, over half of the national cotton crop was lost due to combined damage from locusts and the cotton bollworm.

Regional invasions frequently accompanied Argentine plagues. Bolivia was affected in 1897–98, 1905–08, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1933–38, and 1944–50; Uruguay in 1890–91, 1892–96, 1906–11, 1914–19, 1921–25, 1931–38, and 1946–48; Brazil in 1905–10, 1914–18, 1921, 1932–33, and 1946–48; and Chile in 1891, 1897, and 1947. Paraguay was likely invaded even more frequently, especially during 1931–39 and 1946–51. In 1959 nymphal infestations covered roughly 145,000 hectares. These invasions only occurred during major Argentine plague years, underscoring that country’s central role in the regional dynamics of South American locust outbreaks.

During the 1946–47 plague, the invaded area reached 1.56 million km², with infestations covering approximately 2.5 million hectares in Argentina. Neighboring countries also experienced major losses. In Uruguay, between September and October 1932, locusts destroyed 30% of the wheat, 8% of the linseed, 80% of the oats, and 40% of the potato crop in San José Department alone. Damage in 1945–46 was estimated at £3 million, rising to about £5 million the following year. In Brazil, a swarm measuring 100 × 60 km was dense enough to obscure the sun and consumed 60,000 tons of wheat along with extensive areas of rye, maize, beans, and potatoes. In 1947, crop losses were valued at £2.5 million in Rio Grande do Sul and £3.5 million nationwide, with Santa Catarina Province alone losing 380,000 tons of wheat. Entomologists noted that hopper densities during these plagues often exceeded those observed in desert locust outbreaks in the Middle East and East Africa.

In the 1960’s strong monitoring and control efforts (relying on DDT) contained outbreaks to only three small occurrences in 1961, 1989, and 2010. This stability of 60 years ended with a resurgence in 2015-2021. In Argentina, swarms up to 25 km² appeared in Santiago del Estero in July, with limited crop damage and rapid control by SENASA, provinces, and private stakeholders. The outbreak spread to Bolivia in early 2016, threatening 10,000+ ha of crops; a national locust program was quickly launched with FAO and Argentine support. Shortly after, Paraguay experienced its first outbreak in over 50 years, with control measures implemented by SENAVE with Argentine assistance. After a calm winter, large swarms appeared in June 2017 in Formosa, moving south through Chaco, Santiago del Estero, northern Santa Fe, and Córdoba provinces, with egg-laying observed along the way. Swarms traveled up to 150 km/day, facilitated by northerly winds. SENASA implemented intensive monitoring and aerial chemical control, with only minor crop damage reported.

The 2015–2021 South American locust plague involved alternating breeding in Argentina and Bolivia/Paraguay, resulting in swarms spreading over a larger area than the outbreak zone, though smaller than historical records. Typically, two generations occurred per year: a spring generation in Argentina and a summer generation in Bolivia/Paraguay. Nymphs were treated widely in Argentina, but controlling adult swarms was more challenging—minimal treatments occurred in 2015 and 2019, while 2017 efforts were constrained by social and governance factors. Chemical control in horticultural areas was limited by few registered insecticides and strict regulations, causing economic losses, but local crisis committees intervened when high-value crops were at risk.

Organizations associated with the South American locust

Organization name	Acronym	Website	Type	Focus	Focus keywords	Geographic purview
Behavioral Plasticity Research Institute	BPRI	View	Other	Research, Education	Phenotypic plasticity, Phase polyphenism	United States, Mexico
Global Locust Initiative	GLI	View	University	Research, Education, Information Hub	Sustainable development, Ecology, Nutrition, Social science, Natural sciences, Agriculture, Agroecology, Biology, Behavior, Biological control, Climate change, Education, Sustainability science, Geometric framework, Grazing, Governance, Food security, Arts and humanities, Land use management, Landscape ecology, Locusts, Migration, Phase polyphenism, Phenotypic plasticity, Soil science	United States, Senegal, Australia, China, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Mali
Inter-American Coordinating Group in Plant Protection	GICSV	View	Intergovernmental Organization	Governance	Regional cooperation, Natural sciences	Caribbean
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture	IICA	View	Non-governmental Organization	Development	Agricultural development, Natural sciences	Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela
Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Supply Brazil		View	Government	Development, Management	Agricultural development, Control, Emergency assistance	Brazil
National Agricultural Technology Institute	INTA	View	Government	Education, Information Hub, Governance, Research, Management	Training, Regional cooperation, Agricultural development, Control, Sustainable development, Coordination, Monitoring, Natural sciences	Argentina
National Plant and Seed Health and Quality Service	SENAVE	View	Government	Management, Governance, Research, Funding	Monitoring, Control, Agricultural development, Coordination, Regional cooperation, Sustainable development, Technology, Emergency assistance, Natural sciences	Paraguay
Servicio Nacional de Saneamiento	SENASA PY	View	Government	Information Hub, Governance, Management	Monitoring, Control, Natural sciences	Paraguay
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad Alimentaria	SENASAG	View	Government	Management, Research	Control, Agricultural development, Monitoring, Natural sciences	Bolivia
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria	SAGARPA-SENASICA	View	Government	Governance, Management	Regional cooperation, Monitoring, Control, Natural sciences	Mexico
Servivio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria	SENASA PE	View	Government	Governance, Management	Regional cooperation, Monitoring, Control, Natural sciences	Peru
The National Food Safety and Quality Service	SENASA AR	View	Government	Management, Governance, Funding, Research, Education	Control, Coordination, Emergency assistance, Forecasting, Monitoring, Regional cooperation, Technology, Training, Agricultural development, Sustainable development, Natural sciences	Argentina

Resources

Title	Author(s)	Year	Geographic purview	URL
South American locust NSF Grant for Rapid Response Research project summary	The National Food Safety and Quality Service, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad Alimentaria, National Plant and Seed Health and Quality Service, Global Locust Initiative, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno and Arizona State University	2021
Synthesis of the governance workshop on the South American Locust	Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research, The National Food Safety and Quality Service, Global Locust Initiative,Clara Therville, John Anderies, Hector Medina, Rick Overson, Eduardo Trumper and Arianne Cease	2021
South American Acridia management dashboard	The National Food Safety and Quality Service	2023		View URL
South American locust WhatsApp Alert Channel	The National Food Safety and Quality Service	2023
Seminario de Cooperación Regional Langosta Sudamericana: Estado de situación y cooperación	The National Food Safety and Quality Service	2020		View URL
Situation of locust and grasshopper plagues in South America December 2022	Comité de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur, The National Food Safety and Quality Service, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad Alimentaria, National Plant and Seed Health and Quality Service, Servivio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria and National Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fishery	2022		View URL
GICSV 2020 International Year of the Plant Health technical reports	Inter-American Coordinating Group in Plant Protection	2021
CABI Green Muscle education videos	Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International	2021
USAID Transboundary Outbreak Pest ETOP bulletins	United States Agency for International Development
Alertas Senasa App	The National Food Safety and Quality Service
SENASA locust bulletin	The National Food Safety and Quality Service
Control recommendations for locust and grasshoppers in Argentina	Chamber of Agricultural Health and Fertilizers and The National Food Safety and Quality Service	2020		View URL
South American locust control manual	The National Food Safety and Quality Service	2018		View URL
Regional alert system for the South American locust	Comité de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur, National Agricultural Technology Institute and Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture	2023

Specimen contributors for this species

Natural history collections are built by people. The specimens that document this species were collected in the field, preserved in collections, and identified by generations of researchers and naturalists. Bionomia helps make these often-overlooked contributions visible by linking specimen records to the people behind them.

The contributors shown here are drawn from specimen records made available through GBIF and attributed to individuals by Bionomia. Each list shows up to the 20 people with the most specimens for this species, ranked from most to fewest.

Collected by

These people collected specimens of this species in the field, helping build the physical record of where and when it has occurred.

• Leonel Roget — 2 specimens collected
• Francisco Fonturbel — 1 specimen collected
• Holger Braun — 1 specimen collected

• Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani — 1 specimen collected
• Guillermo Debandi — 1 specimen collected

Identified by

These people examined specimens and determined their taxonomic identity—an essential step in turning a collected specimen into a useful biodiversity record.

• Holger Braun — 19 specimens identified
• Patrich Cerpa — 2 specimens identified
• José Contreras — 2 specimens identified

• Francisco Fonturbel — 1 specimen identified
• Guillermo Debandi — 1 specimen identified